Locale
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The locale module opens access to the POSIX locale database andfunctionality. The POSIX locale mechanism allows programmers to deal withcertain cultural issues in an application, without requiring the programmer toknow all the specifics of each country where the software is executed.
The function temporarily sets the LC_CTYPE locale to the LC_NUMERIClocale or the LC_MONETARY locale if locales are different and numeric ormonetary strings are non-ASCII. This temporary change affects other threads.
Return some locale-specific information as a string. This function is notavailable on all systems, and the set of possible options might also varyacross platforms. The possible argument values are numbers, for whichsymbolic constants are available in the locale module.
According to POSIX, a program which has not called setlocale(LC_ALL, '')runs using the portable 'C' locale. Calling setlocale(LC_ALL, '') letsit use the default locale as defined by the LANG variable. Since wedo not want to interfere with the current locale setting we thus emulate thebehavior in the way described above.
Return the locale encoding used for text data, according to userpreferences. User preferences are expressed differently on differentsystems, and might not be available programmatically on some systems, sothis function only returns a guess.
On some systems, it is necessary to invoke setlocale() to obtain theuser preferences, so this function is not thread-safe. If invoking setlocaleis not necessary or desired, do_setlocale should be set to False.
Locale category for message display. Python currently does not supportapplication specific locale-aware messages. Messages displayed by the operatingsystem, like those returned by os.strerror() might be affected by thiscategory.
Combination of all locale settings. If this flag is used when the locale ischanged, setting the locale for all categories is attempted. If that fails forany category, no category is changed at all. When the locale is retrieved usingthis flag, a string indicating the setting for all categories is returned. Thisstring can be later used to restore the settings.
The C standard defines the locale as a program-wide property that may berelatively expensive to change. On top of that, some implementations are brokenin such a way that frequent locale changes may cause core dumps. This makes thelocale somewhat painful to use correctly.
It is generally a bad idea to call setlocale() in some library routine,since as a side effect it affects the entire program. Saving and restoring itis almost as bad: it is expensive and affects other threads that happen to runbefore the settings have been restored.
If, when coding a module for general use, you need a locale independent versionof an operation that is affected by the locale (such ascertain formats used with time.strftime()), you will have to find a way todo it without using the standard library routine. Even better is convincingyourself that using locale settings is okay. Only as a last resort should youdocument that your module is not compatible with non-C locale settings.
There is no way to perform case conversions and character classificationsaccording to the locale. For (Unicode) text strings these are done accordingto the character value only, while for byte strings, the conversions andclassifications are done according to the ASCII value of the byte, and byteswhose high bit is set (i.e., non-ASCII bytes) are never converted or consideredpart of a character class such as letter or whitespace.
Extension modules should never call setlocale(), except to find out whatthe current locale is. But since the return value can only be used portably torestore it, that is not very useful (except perhaps to find out whether or notthe locale is C).
Locales are used by glibc and other locale-aware programs or libraries for rendering text, correctly displaying regional monetary values, time and date formats, alphabetic idiosyncrasies, and other locale-specific standards.
Locale names are typically of the form language[_territory][.codeset][@modifier], where language is an ISO 639 language code, territory is an ISO 3166 country code, and codeset is a character set or encoding identifier like ISO-8859-1 or UTF-8. See setlocale(3).
Before a locale can be enabled on the system, it must be generated. This can be achieved by uncommenting applicable entries in /etc/locale.gen, and running locale-gen. Equivalently, commenting entries disables their respective locales. While making changes, consider any localisations required by other users on the system, as well as specific #Variables.
The locale to be used, chosen among the previously generated ones, is set in locale.conf files. Each of these files must contain a new-line separated list of environment variable assignments, having the same format as output by locale.
Once system and user locale.conf files have been created or edited, their new values will take effect for new sessions at login. To have the current environment use the new settings unset LANG and source /etc/profile.d/locale.sh:
Programs which use gettext for translations respect the LANGUAGE option in addition to the usual variables. This allows users to specify a list of locales that will be used in that order. If a translation for the preferred locale is unavailable, another from a similar locale will be used instead of the default. For example, an Australian user might want to fall back to British rather than US spelling:
KDE Plasma also allows to change the UI's language through the system settings. If the desktop environment is still using the default language after the modification, deleting the file at /.config/plasma-localerc (previously: /.config/plasma-locale-settings.sh) should resolve the issue.
LightDM will automatically use accountsservice to set a user's locale if it is installed. Otherwise, LightDM stores the user session configuration in /.dmrc. It is possible that an unwanted locale setting is retrieved from there as well.
A locale object tries to capture all the defaults that can vary betweencountries. You set the locale in once, and the details are automaticallypassed on down to the columns parsers. The defaults have been chosen tomatch R (i.e. US English) as closely as possible. Seevignette(\"locales\") for more details.
An object of class std::locale is an immutable indexed set of immutable facets. Each stream object of the C++ input/output library is associated with an std::locale object and uses its facets for parsing and formatting of all data. In addition, a locale object is associated with each std::basic_regex object. (since C++11) Locale objects can also be used as predicates that perform string collation with the standard containers and algorithms and can be accessed directly to obtain or modify the facets they hold.
Each locale constructed in a C++ program holds at least the following standard facets (i.e. std::has_facet returns true for all these facet types), but a program may define additional specializations or completely new facets and add them to any existing locale object.
Internally, a locale object is implemented as-if it is a reference-counted pointer to an array (indexed by std::locale::id) of reference-counted pointers to facets: copying a locale only copies one pointer and increments several reference counts. To maintain the standard C++ library thread safety guarantees (operations on different objects are always thread-safe), both the locale reference count and each facet reference count are updated in thread-safe manner, similar to std::shared_ptr.
A locale is, intuitively, like a topological space that may or may not have enough points (or even any points at all). It contains things we call open subspaces but there may or may not be enough points to distinguish between open subspaces. An open subspace in a locale can be regarded as conveying a bounded amount of information about the (hypothetical) points that it contains.
Every topological space can be regarded as a locale (with some lost information if the space is not sober). The locales arising this way are the topological or spatial locales. Conversely, every locale induces a topology on its set of points, but sometimes a great deal of information is lost; in particular, there are many different locales whose set of points is empty.
One motivation for locales is that since they take the notion of open subspace as basic, with the points (if any) being a derived notion, they are exactly what is needed to define sheaves. The notion of sheaf on a topological space only refers to the open subspaces, rather than the points, so it carries over word-for-word to a definition of sheaves on locales. Moreover, passage from locales to their toposes of sheaves is a full and faithful functor, unlike for topological spaces.
Given a locale XX, the elements of the frame O(X)O(X) are traditionally thought of as being the open subspaces of XX and are therefore called the opens (or open subspaces, open parts, or open sublocales) of XX. However, one may equally well view them as the closed subspaces of XX and call them the closeds (or closed subspaces, closed parts, or closed sublocales) of XX. When viewed as closed subspaces, the opposite containment relation is used; thus O(X)O(X) is the frame of opens of XX, while the opposite poset O(X) opO(X)^{op} is the coframe of closeds of XX.
If one views an element of O(X)O(X) as a subspace of XX, one usually means to view it as an open subspace, but we have seen that one may also view it as a closed subspace. This is given by two different maps (one covariant and a frame homomorphism, one contravariant and a coframe homomorphism) from O(X)O(X) to the lattice of all subspaces of XX. See sublocale for further discussion.
Definition (3) is simpler than (2), being an element of O(X)O(X) satisfying a finitary condition rather than a subset of O(X)O(X) satisfying an infinitary condition. However, it doesn't work in constructive mathematics, which provides much (but by no means all) of the motivation for studying locales. 59ce067264
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